Civilian:

Fines, manual labour in a suburban factory (six months), manual labour on a labour planet (five years), death.

Employee:

Fine, Chipped, no-paid labour (not necessarily manual), off-world relocation, death

Operative:

Fine, Chipped, Black BPN, Platinum BPN

All above depend on seriousness of crime, mitigating circumstances and what kind of day Mr Cloak has been having. Any crime that involves Stigmartyr is resolved by one method only: "care to bleed?"

There are also Labour planets that use prisoners as a general workforce. This is normally reserved for long duration punishments (ie: over ten years) for those who have done wrong, but it is questionable whether they really meant to. For example Stock fraud, damage to SLA property, killing gang members/ Monarch. These are people who SLA may find a use for in the future so they are not just disposed of. If you want an idea of a Labour world, check out Furnace.

For the criminally insane there are lots of mental asylums. Again this is reserved for those that SLA feels may benefit them at a later date, although such decisions are kept at a high SCL. They include the Bethlehem Institute and Mahkra Asylum

For those that SLA doesn't want the hassle of dealing with, they are just relocated to a new section of DownTown, or dumped in the Cannibal Sectors. Perhaps issue a Green BPN into CS1 to find a downed helicopter that had been transporting prisoners there. It isn't until the Operatives arrive that they find outthey were only allowed to rescue the pilot and the guards...

As to who decides, it is normally the Captain (or Lieutenant) of the Shiver precinct. Prisoners for Labour Worlds are held in Containment Facilities (think warehouse with chainlink cages and a sprinkler system) for about fifty days, just in case new evidence comes to light, then they are transported by Fold Ships (the whole cage structure is reality folded inside, most prisoners don't even realise it has happened).